The Paris CD held that it had jurisdiction over an action for a declaration of non-infringement (DNI) filed before the patents were granted, provided grant occurred before the statement of defense was filed and therefore the patentee's opt-outs filed after the action were ineffective. The Court of Appeal dismissed the appeal but did not adopt that test. It held that the action concerned the patents, not the applications, and so fell within the UPC's competence. Whether a DNI action can be filed before grant is a question of admissibility for the main proceedings, which cannot be raised by preliminary objection. The Court of Appeal agreed that the opt-outs were ineffective because the action had already been brought.